奈达功能对等理论下《好运气》中复合句汉译分析开题报告

1. 研究目的与意义（文献综述包含参考文献）

An Analysis of the Translation of English Complex Sentences in Good Luck from the Theoretical Angle of Nidas Functional Equivalence奈达功能对等理论下《好运气》中复合句汉译分析1.Introduction1.1 Research backgroundEntering the 21st century, China has witnessed a striking achievement and development: peoples livelihood has been greatly improved, china is embracing a promising era and is playing a more and more important role on the international stage. In the meantime, with the implement of the policy of the reform and opening up, more and more Chinese elements go abroad. By the same token, a great many foreign new things flock into China, leading to closer exchanges in different fields among countries. More importantly, against the backdrop of globalization, the coming of information era makes people all over the world live in a global village. Accordingly, the fourth thriving period in the translation field comes. Translation, as a cultural phenomenon, ideological activity as well as an occupation and a skill, is one of the most acute and active spiritual activity of human civilization. In the world, there are about a few thousand of languages among which English is the most widely used and the number of people who speak Chinese is the biggest. Concerning differences between these two languages, there is no doubt that translation activity serves as a bridge connecting China and the rest of the world.Seen from domestic English teaching and learning, complex sentence is of great significance. As a grammatical phenomenon, complex sentence is difficult to comprehend. When reading English materials, complex sentences frequently occur, bringing great difficulties to the understanding of its meaning. In addition, translation itself is not easy thing and it is even more difficult to produce an excellent translation. In translation field, it is unavoidable to meet with complex sentence. When dealing with the translation of complex sentence,its classification, length and complexity add many obstacles to the translation process. Chinese translation field reaches a new summit as china has achieved rapid development. As a matter of fact, Chinese translation, in history, experienced three times climax: Buddhist translation, Science translation and the translation of Western science and knowledge. And the current translation summit is the fourth one, which is incomparable in terms of scale, quality and contribution to Chinese socioeconomic development. In Chinese translation field, there are many well-known translation theories, for example, Yan Fus three-character translation principle , Fu leis standard of spirit resemblance and Qian Zhongshus translation objective of sublimation.However, Chinese traditional translation theories paid much attention to free translation Versus literal translation, content Versus form. That is to say Chinese translation scholars tend to focus on original text. Such phenomenon was changed when Eugene A. Nidas functional equivalence theory was introduced into China in1980s, which exerts deep influence in Chinese translation field despite the fact that various voices have been heard in academic circles.Mark Twain is a noted American writer, popular among Chinese readers. A great many of his books have been translated into Chinese and gained much popularity in china. This paper chooses his short novel Luck in that there are many complex sentences in it. Such being the case, Eugene A. Nidas functional equivalence theory can be applied to analyze and explore the Chinese version to find out what and how the target text change during the translation process.1.2 Purpose and Significance of the StudyWith China opening to the outside world, international communication becomes more and more frequent. To a great degree, translation plays an increasingly significant role in international exchanges, bridging gap between China and the rest of the world. Thousand upon thousand books have been rendered into Chinese, helping countless Chinese people know the outside world and the vice versa. When it comes to translation theory, Eugene A. Nida can not be ignored. His functional equivalence theory exercises great effect on translation field both at abroad and at home. The theory provides Chinese translation scholars with a totally new perspective to research translation. Currently, many scholars apply the theory to analyze different styles offoreign works among which literary translation researches account for large proportion. As for the translation of English complex sentences , there are also many relevant researches. However, there are not many researches that employ the functional equivalence theory to interpret complex sentences in literary text. Hence, This paper, on the one hand, aims to enrich relevant researches While on the other hand, considering that not many Chinese researches give detailed introduction to Nidas functional equivalence theory, therefore this paper wants to provide an elaborated information about the theory, hoping to offer useful content for latter relevant research.2. Literary Review2.1 Previous Studies on Nidas Functional Equivalence at BroadNidas theory has heavily influenced western translation scholars. It goes without saying that wolfram Wilss bears the influence of the theory. A good case in point is that he published a book The Science of Translation : Problems and Methods. In his book, he thought that functional equivalence could be achieved in translation activity. His other articles and works also show much similarity to Nidas Theory. Wilss proposed in his Towards a Multi-facet Concept of Translation Behavior that not everything is linguo-culturally determined. He pointed out that there are many aspects of translation. Beekman and Callow (1974) wrote in their work Translating the Word of God that a faithful translation must convey the meaning and the dynamics of the original. Larson is also influenced by Nidas Theory. In her Meaning-Based Translation, she believed that to translate is to translate meaning, and compared with form, meaning should come first, which is very much the same as Nidas theory. Whats more, Larson agreed that one language can be translated effectively into another. Newmark and Koller were inspired by Nidas theory and formed their own translation ideals. The former is communication and semantic translation and the latter is five types of equivalence relations. Koller thought that the translators should not stop trying the five equivalence types until find the right one. Besides them, there are many other western scholars delving into Nidas theory, for example, willson-Broyles and Gentzler.2.2 Previous Studies on Nodas Functional Equivalence at HomeBefore the introduction of Nidas translation theory into China, Chinese traditional translation centers on the issues, like literal translation , free translation, faithfulness and smoothness. But the introduction of Nidas translation theory in 1980s gives Chinese translation scholars a new research perspective. Many scholars realize that translation should not be confined to the issues mentioned above.Tan Zaixi is the forerunner who introduces Nidas translation theory into China. Tan (1983) discussed Nida and his theories. Tan also edited and translated Nida on Translation. In 1999, Tan finished a book which was based on Nidas Discussing Translation and Cross Language Communication in which Tan spoke highly of Nida and his translation theories. In addition to Tan Zaixi, many other Chinese scholars made much contribution in terms of introducing Nida and his theory. Cai Yi translated Language and translation . Some scholars like Wu Xinxiang and Li Hongan tried to employ the theory of equivalence during the translation activity between Chinese and foreign languages. Wu Li(1984) researched ways of achieving translation equivalence between the source text and the target text. Jin(1984) with Nida completed a book called About Translation. Jin(1998) wrote a book named Towards Equivalent Effect Translating, which elaborated Nidas equivalent effect of translation.2.3 Criticism of Nidas TheoryAlthough Nidas theory plays a significant role in translation field both at home and at abroad, it also aroused heated debate and even got a spat of criticism.On the one hand, foreign translation scholars questioned the theory a lot. Bassnett(1980) believed that Nidas distinction between dynamic equivalence and formal equivalence is not valid. Newmark(1988) did not agree with Nidas idea that translation means tocommunicate and the final purpose of translation is to achieve equivalent effect. According to his opinion, equivalent effect was the desirable result instead of the aim of any translation. Gutt(1991) thought that it is impossible to exactly convey the meaning of the original text to the targeted readers for there exists difference between two languages and cultures. Carson(1985) pointed out that the alien custom in the original could be lost in translation. Meschonnic(1975) contended that Nidas theory was unfit for literary translation because Nidas theory stressed content more than form. Gentzler(1993) wrote in his work Contemporary Translation Theories that Nidas Science of translation had much similarity compared with traditional translation theories. In addition, Gentzler doubted Nidas theory in terms of reception theory. According to Gentzler, he held that translated text could not completely reserve the message of the original text. He believed that the reception of the translated text could not be exactly the same as the original receptors. In Gentzlers opinion, the message of the original text could not be completely conveyed. Also, Edwin Gentzler criticize that functional equivalence wants to convert the receptors to the dominant ideas of Protestant Christianity without taking their cultures into consideration.On the other hand, domestic translation scholars also questioned Nidas theory. In fact, when Nidas theory was introduced into China in 1980s, it gained great popularity in 1980s. However, an increasing number of Chinese translation scholars started to criticize Nidas translation theory. Lin Kenan and Qian Linsheng respectively published article which challenged Nidas dynamic equivalence. They are The Significance and Limitation of Dynamic Equivalence and Should Readers Response be Considered as a Criterion in Assessment of Translated Works?Lin(1988) contented that Nidas dynamic equivalence was unfit to be applied into the translation of all types texts because it was when Nida translated Bible that he formed his translation theory. In another word, Nidas dynamic equivalence theory was intended for the translation of Bible. So, for Lin, he did not believed that dynamic equivalence could be applicable to literary translation while in Qians opinion, Nidas theory of readers response had weakness in two aspects. In the first place, one readers response was different from another readers toward the same translated work; in the second place, it was impossible to compare readers response, for the readers in the receptor language usually did not know the source language. Luo(1990) doubted the concept of equivalence in Nidas theory. To his mind, equivalence theory that played emphasis on sameness was unrealistic and could not be achieved during translation process. From the Mid-1990s to the present time, Niads theory got severe criticism and even denied by some Chinese translation scholars. For example, in 1994, Wu Yicheng published his On Problems of Translation Equivalence. He was against that linguistic-oriented translation theories. In his view, equivalence theory was useless to translation practice between Chinese and English. In the late 1990s, Liu Yingkai, pointed out in his E. Nidas Theory of Readers Response: Its Negative Impact that Nidas theory had a negative effect on Chinese translation studies.3. Methods and Procedures of the StudyFirstly, I search relevant materials about complex sentence and Nidas translation theory. Next, I read in detail to sort out them in order to arrange my paper orderly and logically. During the process, it is difficult to sort out information about Nidas translation theory. When searching on CNKI, I can find countless paper which to a great degree add much difficulties to my paper writing for I can not finish reading them completely. So, the rational and wise way is to choose and sift by key word to find out the core and useful information that are helpful to my arrangement and writing of my paper. It is necessary to say that such work and preparation is of great help for me to have a clear understanding of Nidas translation theory. It is through such preparation work that I know Nidas functional equivalence dose not form after undergoing several phases.Secondly, knowing Mark Twins Good Luck from the perspective of its background, theme and the writing style of this short novel. Thirdly, I start reading Good Luck carefully, especially pay attention to complex sentences occurred in the Good Luck. Finally, by comparing the original text and the translated text to analyze what and how the original message change during the translation process.Outline1. Introduction1.1Research Background 1.2Purpose and Significance of the Study2. Literature Review2.1 Previous Studies on Nodas Functional Equivalence Abroad2.2 Previous Studies on Nodas Functional Equivalence at Home3. Case Study: An Analysis of the Translation of English Complex Sentences in Good Luck from the Theoretical Angle of Nidas Functional Equivalence 3.1Lexical Equivalence in Good Luck 3.2Syntax Equivalence in Good Luck 3.3Discourse Equivalence in Good Luck4. Conclusion

2. 研究的基本内容、问题解决措施及方案

Methods and Procedures of the StudyFirstly, I search relevant materials about complex sentence and Nidas translation theory. Next, I read in detail to sort out them in order to arrange my paper orderly and logically. During the process, it is difficult to sort out information about Nidas translation theory. When searching on CNKI, I can find countless paper which to a great degree add much difficulties to my paper writing for I can not finish reading them completely. So, the rational and wise way is to choose and sift by key word to find out the core and useful information that are helpful to my arrangement and writing of my paper. It is necessary to say that such work and preparation is of great help for me to have a clear understanding of Nidas translation theory. It is through such preparation work that I know Nidas functional equivalence dose not form after undergoing several phases. Secondly, knowing Mark Twins Good Luck from the perspective of its background, theme and the writing style of this short novel. Thirdly, I start reading Good Luck carefully, especially pay attention to complex sentences occurred in the Good Luck. Finally, by comparing the original text and the translated text to analyze what and how the original message change during the translation process.ReferencesCarson, D. A. (1985). The Limits of Dynamic Equivalence in Bible Translation. Evangelical Review of Theology, 3, 200~213.Gentzler, E. (1993). Contemporary Translation Theories. London: Routledge.Gutt, E. A. (1991). Translation and Relevance: Cognition and Context. Cambridge: Basil Blackwell.Munday, J. (2006). Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications, Routledge, 57-77.Newmark, P. (2004). Approaches to Translation. Shanghai: Foreign Language Education Press.Newmark, P. (1988). A Textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall.Nida, E. A. 秋思》的英译文看形式对等的重要性，中国翻译，29（2）：21-23.韦照周（2017），狄更斯在中国：译介、影响、经典化，博士学位论文。

武汉：武汉大学。